The Human Genome Project, begun in the late 20th century in both France and the United States, was seen by many at the time as a waste of time, albeit a fascinating exercise. Little did they know how mapping the human genome would come in handy in the future! Early on in the project, genes controlling susceptibility to disease were targeted for closer examination, as were those that might influence behavior. By the mid-21st century, many genetic problems in humankind were located and wiped out, if caught before conception. With the GRI scanner, checking a person's DNA became a matter of course, being used for such diverse projects as finding the perfect mate or to check out a person's family tree, or simply to judge who was most fit for a job. Finally, by the early 22nd century, consciously altering a person's DNA became feasible, and was used for both military and scientific projects, including the creation of Homo paniscus, perhaps the zenith of genetic manipulation.